FIQH X MAPK - 01. Perkembangan Fiqh dan Munculnya Madzhab

<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX7x7arhHSL6mpSd8zvk347co29cZhbaDfs9l5IJCsLn09RBW7_PNpY_LWMK_DLbb7b_SUD3r_Zy8i_wP94Lq2tNIjkFsqz37uR-xfMWhLERQebWCzGj1t7trNoxw0QjC2v3nWvbJwLe39oLGHiRdQ0hpnMBMfDnxBOc4T3GlfwXFfUqq7kAJn5BGGA/s700/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="700" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX7x7arhHSL6mpSd8zvk347co29cZhbaDfs9l5IJCsLn09RBW7_PNpY_LWMK_DLbb7b_SUD3r_Zy8i_wP94Lq2tNIjkFsqz37uR-xfMWhLERQebWCzGj1t7trNoxw0QjC2v3nWvbJwLe39oLGHiRdQ0hpnMBMfDnxBOc4T3GlfwXFfUqq7kAJn5BGGA/w640-h366/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">نَشْأَةُ الْفِقْهِ وَظُهُوْر الْمَذَاهِبِ الْفِقْهِيَّة  </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Pertumbuhan Fiqih dan munculnya madzhab madzhab Fiqih</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">تَعْرِيْفُ الْفِقْهِ وَنَشْأَتُهُ </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><u>Pengertian Fiqih dan pertumbuhannya</u></b></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><div dir="rtl"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">الْفِقْهُ لُغَةً : الْفَهْمُ . قَالَ اللهُ تعالى : ﴿ فَمَالِ هَؤُلاَءِ الْقَوْمُ لاَ يَكَادُوْنَ يَفْقَهُوْنَ حَدِيْثًا ﴾ (النساء :۷۸ )  أي يَفْهَمُوْنَه.  وَاصْطِلَاحًا : الْعِلْمُ بِالأَحْكَامِ الشّرْعِيَّةِ الْعَمَلِيَّة الْـمُكْتَسَبِ مِن أَدِلَّتِها التَّفْصِيْلِيَّة .</span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Fiqih menurut bahasa artinya paham.  Allah ta'ala berfirman : " Maka mengapa orang-orang itu (orang munafik) hampir-hampir tidak memahami pembicaraan sedikitpun? "  - An Nisa 78. </span><div style="text-align: left;">(Kata Yafqahun pada ayat tersebut maksudnya adalah Yafhamun ). </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right;">Dan pengertian fiqh menurut istilah : adalah ilmu tentang hukum hukum syariat yang bersifat amaliah, yang diambil dari dalil dalilnya yang terperinci</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right;">. </span></div></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="text-align: right;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">إِنَّ الْفِقْهَ قَدْ بَدَأَ مُنْذُ عَصْرِ النُّبُوَّةِ.  وَقَدْ نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ بِاْلأَحْكَامِ الشَّرْعِيَّةِ. وَكَانَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ يُــبَـيِّنُ هَذِهِ اْلأَحْكَامِ لِلنَّاسِ . وَكَانَ أصْـحَابُ النَّــبِيِّ يَرْجِعُوْنَ إلَيْهِ لِلتَّعَلُّـمِ وَاْلاِسْتِفْتَاءِ وَلِفَصْلِ الْـخِصَامِ حَتَّى قَامَتْ الدَّوْلَةُ اْلِإسْلَامِيَّةُ وَطَبَّقَتْ أحْكَامَ الشَّرِيْعَةِ </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Sesungguhnya fiqih telah mulai muncul sejak masa kenabian.  Alquran turun dengan membawa hukum-hukum syariat. Dan Rasulullah SAW menjelaskan hukum-hukum yang dibawa al Qur'an ini kepada manusia. Dan para sahabat nabi Muhammad merujuk kepada nabi untuk mempelajari syariat tersebut, untuk meminta fatwa dan untuk menyelesaikan per selisihan. Hingga berdirinya daulat islamiyah, dan diterapkannya hukum-hukum syariat.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: right;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">وَقَدْ قَامَ الصَّحَابَةُ بِوَظِيْفَتِهِمْ أَحْسَنَ قِيَامٍ مُعْتَمِدِيْنَ عَلَى مَا تَـعَلَّمُوْه مِنْ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ ﷺ  . فَكَانَ كبِاَرُ الصَّحَابَةِ مِثْلُ الْـخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِيْنَ يُطَبِّقُوْنَ اْلأحْكَامَ مُسْتَنِدِيْنَ فِي ذَلِكَ إلىَ كِتَابِ اللهِ. فَإنْ لَـمْ يَـجِدُوْا فِيْهِ رَجَعُوْا إِلَي اْلأحَادِيْثِ ، فَإِنْ لَـمْ يَـجِدُوْا فِي السُّنَّةِ نَظَرُوْا إِلَى اْلأدِلَّةِ وَاسْتَنْبَطُوْا اْلأحْكَامَ مُسْتَخْدِمِيْنَ الْقِيَاسَ أحْيَانًا ، فَإِنِ اتَّـفَقُوْا عَلَى حُكْمٍ كَانَ اتِّـفَاقُهُمْ إِجْمَاعًا وَهُوَ الْـمَصْدَرُ الثَّالِثُ . وَ إِنْ لَمْ يَـتَّـفِقُوْا عَلَى حُكْمٍ اِجْتَهَدَ الصَّحَابَةُ كَعَلِيٍّ وَعُمَرَ وَابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ  وَاسْتـَمَرَّتْ هَذِهِ اْلاِجْتِهَادَاتُ مِنْ عَصْرِ هِمْ إِلَى عَصْرِ التَّابِعِيْنَ .</span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Para sahabat sungguh telah menjalankan tugasnya dengan sebaik-baiknya dengan berpedoman kepada apa yang mereka pelajari dari Rasulullah shallallahu alaihi wasallam para sahabat senior seperti Khulafaur Rasyidin menerapkan hukum-hukum dengan bersandar kepada kitabullah apabila tidak dijumpai di dalam kitab Allah mereka merujuk kepada hadis-hadis apabila tidak mereka jumpai di dalam sunnah mereka mengamati kepada dalil-dalil kemudian mereka mengambil hukum dengan perantaraan kias kadang-kadang. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: right;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;"><b>ظُهُوْرُ الْـمَذَاهِب الْفِقْهِيَّة </b></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><b>Munculnya madzhab madhab Fiqh</b></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: right;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">فِي الْقَرْنِ الثَّانِي الْـهِجْرِيِّ لَـمَعَ عَدَدٌ مِنَ الْفُقَهَاءِ الَّذِيْنَ اسْتَفَادُوْا مِـمَّنْ قَبْلَهُمْ وَأَحْدَثُوْا لِأَنْـفُسِهِمْ مَنَاهـِجَ، وَاجْتَمَعَ حَوْلَـهُمْ التَّلاَمِيْذُ وَرَجَعَ النَّاسُ إِلَـيْهِمْ لِطَلَبِ الْفَتْوَى فِي الْـمَسَائِلِ فَقَلَّدُوْا مَذَاهِبَهُمْ وَجَمَعُوْا آرَاءَهُمْ وَدَوَّنُوْا أَقْوَالَهُمْ فَصَارَتْ مَذَاهِبَ مُسْتَقِلَّةً </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Pada abad ke-2 Hijriyah bersinarlah sejumlah ahli fiqih yang mereka itu mempelajarinya dari orang-orang sebelum mereka kemudian mereka menciptakan sendiri manhaj untuk diri mereka sendiri kemudian berkumpul di sekeliling mereka para siswa kemudian orang-orang merujuk kepada mereka dalam meminta fatwa dalam beberapa masalah. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: right;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">وَمِنْ أَبْرَزِهِمْ  : الْـحَسَن الْـبَصْرِي (٢١ - ۱۱۰ هـ)، وَ الـنُّعْمَانُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ الْـمُكَنَّى بِأَبِي حَنِيْفَةَ (٨٠-١٥٠ هـ)، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَمْرٍو اْلأَوْزَاعِيُّ (٨٨-١٥٧ هـ)، وَمَالِكٌ بْنُ أنَسٍ (۹۳-۱۷۹ هـ)، وَاللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ(٩٤-١٧٥هـ)، وَسُفْيَانُ الثَّوْرِيْ (٩٦-١٦١ هـ)، وَسُفْيَان بْنُ عُيَيْـنَةَ (۱٠٧-۱۹۸ هـ)، وَمُـحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِدْرِيْسَ الشَّافِعِيُّ (١٥٠-٢٠٤ هـ) وَأَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ (١٦٤-٢٤١ هـ) إِسْـحَاقُ بْنُ رَاهَوَيْه (١٦١-۲۳۸ هـ) . </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Diantara para ulama yang paling menonjol adalah : </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Hasan Bashri (21 - 110 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Nukman bin Tsabit yang dipanggil Abu Hanifah ( 80 - 150 H) </span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Abdurrahman bin Amr al Auza'i (88 - 157 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Malik bin Anas (93 - 179 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Laits bin Sa'ad ( 94 - 175 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Sufyan as Tsauri (96 - 161 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Sufyan bin Uyainah ( 107 - 198 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Muhammad bin Idris As Syafi'i ( 150 - 204 H ) </span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Ahmad bin Hambal (164 - 241 H)</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Ishaq bin Rahawaih (161 - 238 H )</span></span></li></ul></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">الْبَيْعُ لُغَةً مُقَابَلَةُ شَيْءٍ بِشَيْءٍ عَلَى </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Pengertian jual beli</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;"><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><span><span style="background-color: #transparent; font-family: Noto Naskh Arabic; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">الْبَيْعُ لُغَةً مُقَابَلَةُ شَيْءٍ بِشَيْءٍ عَلَى </span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: right; word-spacing: 0.5px;">Pengertian jual beli</span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></div>

نَشْأَةُ الْفِقْهِ وَظُهُوْر الْمَذَاهِبِ الْفِقْهِيَّة   Pertumbuhan Fiqih dan munculnya madzhab madzhab Fiqih تَعْرِيْفُ الْفِقْهِ وَنَشْأ...